Prevention of gonorrhea, pathogens of syphilis and symptoms of chancroid

How to prevent gonorrhea

(1) Advocate for self-discipline and avoid unsafe sexual intercourse.

(2) Avoid public bathing pools and shower instead.

(3) If you get sick, you should seek treatment in time to avoid infecting your spouse and others.

Gonorrhea patients should avoid sharing a bed with children, as well as using the same bath tub and towels.

Gonorrhea patients should avoid going to public places such as public bathhouses, public toilets, and restaurants until they are cured.

Items contaminated by gonorrhea patients, including bedding, clothing, and other daily necessities, should be disinfected promptly.

(4) After contracting the disease, isolation should be taken and sexual activity should be avoided until the disease is cured.

(5) You should wash your genitals and hands with soap frequently, and do not rub your eyes with hands that have pus.

Wash and disinfect your hands after touching the affected area.

(6) Patients should go to regular hospitals for treatment and actively and thoroughly carry out treatment. Patients who have been cured of gonorrhea should be followed up and re-examined regularly and undergo necessary re-treatment in order to achieve a complete cure and prevent recurrence.

To prevent the spread of asymptomatic gonorrhea and the development of late-stage lesions, prophylactic treatment should be administered when necessary.

Anyone who has had sexual contact with a gonorrhea partner within the past 30 days should be tested and, if necessary, receive preventative treatment.

Six weeks after the onset of the disease, routine serological testing for syphilis should be performed, and HIV antibody testing should be performed if necessary.

This disease is very easy to contract, but the cure rate is also very high. As long as it is treated systematically, it can generally be cured.

The standard for cure is not the relief of clinical symptoms, but the absence of gonococcal growth in urethral or vaginal secretion smears under microscopic examination.

Syphilis is a systemic chronic infectious disease caused by Treponema pallidum. It can be divided into two types according to the mode of transmission: acquired syphilis and congenital syphilis.

The former is mainly transmitted to the other person through sexual contact, while the latter is transmitted from the mother to the fetus through the placenta via the pale spirochetes in the mother's body.

The pathogen, Treponema pallidum, also known as syphilis spirochetes, is a slender spiral-shaped microorganism, 7-14 micrometers long and 0.25 micrometers wide.

There are 6 to 12 spirals.

Its spiral pattern is about 1 micrometer.

Spirochetes are transparent and difficult to stain, so they are hard to see with a regular microscope. In clinical practice, dark-field microscopes are often used to examine them and observe their special modes of movement: ① rotating around their long axis and moving back and forth; ② the spiral itself bending and stretching like a snake; ③ moving by the expansion and contraction of the spiral.

In addition, silver staining and immunofluorescence techniques can also be used for examination.

To date, Treponema pallidum has not been successfully cultured on artificial culture media, but it can reproduce in monkeys, guinea pigs, rabbits, and mice. Among them, the testes of rabbits are the most sensitive, so rabbits are generally used for inoculation to preserve Treponema pallidum strains and produce syphilis serological antigens.

Treponema pallidum reproduces through transverse fission under suitable living conditions, multiplying every 30-33 hours. It is an anaerobic microorganism and dies easily outside the body.

It can survive for several hours on damp utensils and towels.

They die immediately at 100℃, survive for 2-5 minutes at 60℃, survive for 3 hours at 40℃, and die after 4 hours at 39℃.

It has strong resistance to cold, can survive for 1-2 days at 0℃, and does not lose its infectivity for several years at -78℃.

Common disinfectants such as mercuric chloride, phenol, and ethanol can easily kill it.

Chancroid is an acute, selective, localized sexually transmitted disease caused by Haemophilus ducreyi, which usually affects the genital area.

This disease is mainly transmitted through sexual contact, but it can also be caused by self-inoculation, leading to new lesions.

Indirect transmission through contaminated clothing or items is relatively rare.

Transmission can occur through direct contact with the patient's secretions from open wounds and pus from ulcers during sexual intercourse.

Due to the emergence of diverse sexual lifestyles in modern times, this disease can also occur in areas such as the anus, hands, eyelids, and lips.

The incubation period is generally 2 to 5 days after sexual intercourse.

Most cases develop within one week, while a small number of cases may develop several weeks later.

After Haemophilus ducreyi invades the body, it causes single or multiple painful necrotic ulcers at the contact site of the reproductive organs.

The infected area develops inflammatory erythema, papules, vesicles or small pustules, surrounded by an inflammatory halo, which soon rupture to form ulcers.

The ulcers are round, oval, or irregular in shape, with a diameter of 1 to 2 centimeters.

The base of the ulcer is a vascularized granulomatous tissue that is tender to the touch and bleeds easily.

The base is not as hard as a chancre, and the ulcer has a burning sensation when it comes into contact with urine.

Initially, they appear as a single lesion, but because they can self-inoculate, they often arrange themselves in a satellite pattern around the primary ulcer, ranging in size from small, like rapeseed, to large, like a fingernail.

Sometimes they merge together to form large ulcers, and sometimes they quickly destroy a large area of ​​tissue, causing vulvar deformities and a foul odor.

If there are no complications, ulcers usually heal on their own within 3 to 8 weeks, leaving shallow scars.